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Monday, 31 August 2026

The Alpha Aurigid Meteor Shower.

The Alpha Aurigid Meteor shower occurs each year between 25 August and 6 September, and is expected to peak between 1.00 am and dawn on 1 September (this should be roughly the same wherever you are, as our 24 hour clock is derived from the motion of the Earth). However the shower is notoriously hard to observe, having been recorded only in the years 1911, 1929, 1930, 1935, 1979, 1980, 1986, 1994 and 2007 (some of these observations occurred before the 'official' discovery of the shower by Cuno Hoffmeister and Artur Teichgraeber in 1935, but have subsequently been linked to the shower). To make matters worse, the peak of the shower will fall slightly after the New Moon on 28 August, which would hamper the viewing of any meteors that do appear. The shower has its radiant point (the point from which the meteors appear to radiate) in the constellation of Auriga, close to the star Alpha Auriga (hence the name), which is a circumpolar star, permanently above the horizon in the Northern Hemisphere, but difficult to spot from the Southern Hemisphere.

The radiant of the Alpha Aurigid Meteors. Copper Mountain Mesa.

Meteor showers are thought to be largely composed of material from the tails of comets. Comets are composed largely of ice (mostly water and carbon dioxide), and when they fall into the inner Solar System the outer layers of this boil away, forming a visible tail (which always points away from the Sun, not in the direction the comet is coming from, as our Earth-bound experience would lead us to expect). Particles of rock and dust from within the comet are freed by this melting (strictly sublimation, transforming directly from a solid to a gas due to the low pressure on it's surface) of the comet into the tail and continue to orbit in the same path as the comet, falling behind over time.

The Earth passing through a stream of comet dust, resulting in a meteor shower. Not to scale. Astro Bob

The Aurigid Meteors are made by the Earth passing through the trail of Comet C/1911 N1 (Keiss),  and encountering dust from the tail of this comet. The dust particles strike the atmosphere at speeds of over 200 000 km per hour, burning up in the upper atmosphere and producing a light show in the process.

How the passage of the Earth through a meteor shower creates a radiant point from which they can be observed. In The Sky.

Comet C/1911 N1 (Keiss) was discovered on 6 July 1911, by astronomet Carl Clarence Keiss, at the Lick Observatory on the summit of Mount Hamilton, in the Diablo Range just east of San Jose, California. The name C/1911 N1 (Keiss) implies it was the first (1) comet (C/) discovered in the first half of July 1911 (period 1911 N), and that is was discovered by Keiss.

A photograph of Comet C/1911 N1 (Keiss) taken by French Astronomer Ferdinand QuĂ©nisset at the Camille Flammarion Observatory to the south of Paris on 29 July 1911. The photograph is a single 78 minute exposure which tracked the comet; the elongated objects are stars which moved during the course of the exposure. Wikimedia Commons.

Comet C/1911 N1 (Keiss) completes one orbit every 2497 years on an eccentric orbit tilted at 148° to the plane of the Solar System, that takes it from 0.68 AU from the Sun (68% of the average distance at which the Earth orbits the Sun, and slightly inside the orbit of the planet Venus) to 367 AU from the Sun (367 times as far from the Sun as the Earth, and more than three times the distance at which the planet Neptune orbits the Sun). The comet last visited the Inner Solar System in 1911. As a comet with an orbital period of more than 200 years it is considered to be a Long Period Comet.

The current position and orbit of C/1911 N1 (Keiss). JPL Small Body Database.

See also...