With temperature measurements now available for eleven of twelve months, 2025 is currently tied with 2023 as the second-warmest year on record, with 2024 remaining the warmest recorded year, according to a press release issued by the European Copernicus Climate Change Service on 9 December 2025. November 2025 was the third warmest November on record (behind 2024 and 2023), with notably-warmer-than-average temperatures particularly prevalent over Canada and the Arctic Ocean. The month also saw a number of extreme weather events, including a series of tropical cyclones across Southeast Asia, which caused catastrophic flooding over a wide area.
Annual global surface air temperature anomalies (°C) relative to the 1850–1900 pre-industrial reference from 1967 to 2025. The value for 2025 is based on data for January to November. Copernicus Climate Change Service.
November 2025 was the third warmest November on record, with an average surface air temperature of 14.02°C, which was 0.65°C warmer than the November average for the period 1991-2020. It was, however, 0.20°C cooler than the average for the warmest November on record, in 2023, and 0.08°C cooler than the average for the second-warmest November on record, 2024. November 2025 was also 1.54°C above the estimated average temperature for the period 1850-1900, taken as the pre-industrial reference point. It was the second consecutive month to be more than 1.50°C above this reference, and the sixth such month in 2025, the figure having previously been exceeded in January, February, March, April, and October. It is now almost certain that 2025 will be one of the three warmest years since records began, unlikely to be warmer than 2024, but closely tied with 2023 to be the second-warmest year. It is possible that the average temperature for 2025 will not be 1.5°C above the pre-industrial reference, it is now almost certain that the average for the three year period 2023-2025 will be, the first recorded three-year period to be this warm.
Monthly global surface air temperature anomalies (°C) relative to the 1850–1900 pre-industrial reference period from January 1940 to November 2025, plotted as time series for each year. The year 2025 as well as the two warmest calendar years are shown in colour: 2025 in dark red, 2024 in orange, and 2023 in yellow. All other years are shown with thin grey lines. Copernicus Climate Change Service.
The global average temperature for the period September-November 2025 was the third highest on record, 0.67°C above the average for period 1991-2020, with only the years 2023 and 2024 having been warmer. The temperature was particularly warm over northern Canada, the Arctic Ocean, and Antarctica, but cooler than average over northeastern Russia.
The average land temperature over Europe was 5.74°C, 1.38°C above the average for the period 1991-2020, and making it the fifth-warmest November ever recorded in Europe. Temperatures were furthest above average over Eastern Europe, European Russia, the Balkan Peninsula, and Turkey. However, below average temperatures were encountered present over northern Sweden, Finland, Iceland, southern Germany, and northern Italy. Beyond Europe, temperatures were particularly high over both polar regions, northeastern Canada, the Canadian archipelago, the United States, the Arctic Ocean, and East Antarctica. Temperatures were notably below average over Siberia and northeastern Russia.
The period September-November 2025 was the fourth warmest such interval recorded in Europe, 1.06°C above the average for the period 1991-2020. Over this period, temperatures were notably warmer over Fennoscandia and European Russia, but near-average over Western and Central Europe.
The average sea surface temperature between 60° north and 60° south was 20.42°C in November 2025, making it the fourth warmest November measured by this metric, and 0.29°C cooler than the warmest recorded November, in 2023. Sea surface temperatures were particularly warm over the North Pacific, with record high temperatures recorded in the western North Pacific. However, temperatures over the central and eastern equatorial Pacific were near, or slightly below, average, probably due to a developing weak La Niña system. Record breaking temperatures were also recorded over the Norwegian Sea and the Coral Sea off the east coast of Australia.
Surface air temperature anomaly for November 2025 relative to the November average for the period 1991-2020. Copernicus Climate Change Service.
November was wetter than average across the UK, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, northwestern Russia, and much of the Balkan Peninsula, particularly Albania and Greece. The wet conditions over Western Europe were partly fuelled by Atlantic Storm Claudia. At the same time, Iceland, southern Spain, northern Italy, central Germany and Sweden, were drier than average, and conditions in southwestern Russia, Ukraine, and Turkey were close to drought level. Outside Europe, wetter than average conditions affected the southwest USA, parts of northern Canada, northwestern Russia, Taiwan, southern Africa, Madagascar, and coastal regions of Australia. Flooding and related events, brought on by a combination of several tropical cyclones and a particularly heavy monsoon season, killed over 1100 people across South and Southeast Asia. At the same time, northern Mexico, the southeastern USA, much of western and central Asia, and southern Brazil had drier than normal conditions.
The period September-November 2025 was wetter than average across the UK, Ireland, most of Scandinavia, western Iberia and the southeastern part of Spain, and Central Europe. Romania and the Balkan Peninsula were drier than average in September, but wetter than average on October and November. Drier than average conditions were present over northern Italy, southern France, the larger islands of the Mediterranean, and much of Eastern Europe including Turkey and western Russia. Much of Iberia remained dry, with persistently low soil humidity. Iceland began this period with dryer than average conditions, but ended with wetter than average conditions.
Outside Europe, wetter than average conditions were prevalent from September to November over the western United States, Alaska, northwestern Mexico, the Korean Peninsula, eastern China, central Asia, southern Africa, Madagascar, the northern coast of Australia, and New Zealand. At the same time, drier than average conditions affected the southern and eastern United States, much of western Asia, southern Brazil and southeastern Australia.
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