Pseudephedranthus enigmaticus: A new secies of Custard Apple from Suriname, Guyana and Brazil.

The Custard Apples (Annonacaea) are a family of flowering trees and shrubs found throughout the tropics, some of which produce edible fruit. They are placed within the Magnoliales (Magnolias), generally thought to be one of the oldest groups of flowering plants. To date around 2450 species have been described. The genus Pseudephedranthus currently contains a single species from the Brazilian state of Amazonas and adjacent areas of Venezuela.

In a paper published in the journal Phytokeys on 21 September 2017, Roy Erkens of the Maastricht Science Programme at Maastricht University, and the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Jessica Oosterhof of the Netherlands, and Lubbert Westra and Paul Maas, also of the Maastricht Science Programme at Maastricht University, describe a new species of Pseudephedranthus from Suriname, Guyana and the Brazilian state of Pará.

The new species is named Pseudephedranthus enigmaticus, presumably meaning 'enigmatic', though no explanation is given. While the species is newly described, Erkins et al. were able to find a number of specimens that they assign to it in different herbaria (plant collections) under a variety of names. The species forms trees up to 15 m in height in periodically inundated forests at altitudes of 100-600 m. It was observed to produce greenish white flowers in May to June, and black, ellipsoid fruit from June to September.

Drawing of Pseudephedranthus enigmaticus. (a) Flowering branch, (b) Flower in lateral view, (c) Staminate flower in longitudinal section, (d) Outer petal, (e) Inner petal, (f) Stamen, (g) Fruit, (h) Seed, small part of seed coat removed to show lamellate ruminations, (i) Cross section of monocarp and enclosed seed showing 4-parted rumination. Esmée Winkel in Erkins et al. (2017).

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A new species of Custard Apple from the Western Ghats Mountains of India.

The Custard Apples (Annonacaea) are a family of flowering trees and shrubs found throughout the tropics, some of which produce edible fruit. They are placed within the Magnoliales (Magnolias), generally thought to be one of the oldest groups of flowering plants.

In a paper published in the journal Phytotaxa on 24 January 2012, a team of scientists led by Ratheesh Narayanan of the Community Agrobiodiversity Centre at the M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation describe a new species of (non-edible) Custard Apple from the Nadukani forests of Nilambur to the Kakkayam and Thusharagiri forests of Kozhikode district through the evergreen forests in the western side of Wayanad Ghats Mountain Range, in Kerala State, India. It is named Miliusa gokhalaei in honor of A.M. Gokhalae (IAS, Retd.), former Director of the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation in Chennai, India.

Map showing the locations where the new Custard Apple was found. Narayanan et al. (2012).

Miliusa gokhalaei is an evergreen tree with black bark reaching 5 m in height (which makes it part of the understory in the forests where it lives). It has large, oval, glossy leaves and small greenish flowers that develop into inedible pink fruit. The flowering/fruiting season lasts from September to February.

Miliusa gokhalaei. (A) Small twig with young flower. (B) Branch with mature flower. (C) Young fruit with cream-coloured monocarps. (D) Mature fruit with pinkish monocarps. Narayanan et al. (2012).

Trees of the genus Miliusa are found from India and Sri Lanka, through Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia to New Guinea and Australia. There are five previously described species restricted to India, two found in India and Sri Lanka, and a further eight with wider distributions that include India. 

The forests where Miliusa gokhalaei was found are highly fragmented due to commercial plantations of coffee, tea and cardamom, as well as other crops. The M. gokhalai population was equally fragmented, and few of the stands discovered contained many plants. Theses forests are also host to a number of other endangered plants.

See also New species of Bromiliad from Brazil, A Permian forest preserved in volcanic ash, Russian scientists germinate Pleistocene seeds, Insect borings in Triasic wood and Did the first land plants cause an Ordovician glaciation?

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