The first photographs of the Taung Child.

One of the most important breakthroughs in palaeoanthropology in the twentieth century was the discovery of the fossil known as the Taung Child, the first known specimen of Australopithecus, by Raymond Dart of the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa in 1924. This discovery refocused efforts to find human ancestors on the African continent, where many such ancestors have subsequently been found. Prior to this researchers had been concentrating on eastern Asia, where the first specimen of Homo erectus, Java Man, had been found, or in Europe, where many people had been taken in by the Piltdown Man hoax.

In a paper published in the South African Journal of Science on 30 October 2012, Goran Štrkalj of the Department of Chiropractic at Macquarie University and Katarzyna Kaszycka of the Institute of Anthropology at Adam Mickiewicz University, present three early photographs of the Taung Child skull from the University of the Witwatersrand Archives, which were presented to the university by Dart’s family following his death in 1988, along with some notes on their authenticity.

Photograph of Raymond Dart holding the Taung skull. Štrkalj & Kaszycka (2012).

Two of the photographs have dates written on them, 1924 and 1925, however the handwriting is not Dart’s and may have been added considerably later. The photographs show the skull free of the surrounding matrix but with its jaw still attached, indicating that they must have been taken between December 1924, when Dart finished removing the skull from the matrix, and July 1929, when he was able to detach the jaw. It is likely that they were taken by Johannesburg Star photographer Len Richardson, a friend of Dart’s who was hired to take the photographs used in the original description of the fossil published in a paper in the journal Nature in February 1925, as well as subsequent publications (neither Dart himself nor the University of Witwatersrand owning a camera at the time).

Left lateral view of the Taung skull. Štrkalj & Kaszycka (2012).

However a plaster cast of the Taung Child skull is known to have been made by for the 1925 British Empire Exhibition, which opened in London in May 1925. The creation of this replica took considerable ingenuity on behalf of artisans in Johannesburg, where the making of such a replica had never previously been attempted. This replica was a subject of considerable pride to Dart and his colleagues, and it is quite conceivable that the replica would also have been photographed with great care.

Front view of the Taung Child skull. Štrkalj & Kaszycka (2012).

The original specimen of the Taung Child Skull is an endocast (infill of a mould left in the rock when the original bone weathered away) in calcite (limestone) crystals. It is subsequently a bright white in colouration. The photographs depict a rather duller greyish skull, a tone which is also seen in the replica skull, which is in the Natural History Museum in London, where it was donated by Dart in 1926 after the closure of the British Empire Exhibition.

Photograph of the presumed earliest plaster cast of the Taung skull, presented to the British Museum by Raymond Dart. Štrkalj & Kaszycka (2012).

While the 1925 plaster cast of the Taung Child skull is good, it is not as good as would be expected of a modern replica, and shows a poorer resolution of some features, notably the teeth, than the photograph, leading Štrkalj & Kaszycka to conclude that the photograph can be of the cast, and therefore that the photograph must be of the original skull.  They attribute the darker colouration seen in the photographs compared to the current skull as being down to incomplete cleaning of the specimen, Dart and Richardson being under pressure to produce the photographs ahead of the Nature publication (although these particular photographs were not used). This incomplete cleaning also suggests that the photographs were taken soon after the fossil was freed from the rock, in December 1924 or January 1925.

See also…

 Signs of malnutrition in a 1.5 million year old child's skull from the Olduvai Gorge.







 Skull closure in the Taung Infant.









 Another look at the Canteen Kopje Skull.

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Skull closure in the Taung Infant.

The Taung Infant was discovered by workers at the Buxton Limeworks near Taung, South Africa in 1924 and described in a paper in the journal Nature by palaeoanthropologist Raymond Dart in 1925. It is the partial skull and endocast of the brain case of a three to four year old Australopithecus africanus, the first Australopithicine to be discovered, and the first indication that modern humans had an African origin; prior to its discovery most anthropologists believed humans originated in Asia.

The Taung Child fossil. Maropeng: The official visitor centre for The Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site.

In a paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on 7 May 2012, a team of scientists led by Dean Falk of the School for Advanced Research in Santa Fe and the Department of Anthropology at Florida State University, describe the discovery of an unfused metopic suture in the Taung Infant, revealed by impressions of the inside of the skull on the endocast of the brain case, and its implication for our understanding of brain development in early Australopithicines.

CT Scan of the Taung endocast and face (semi-transparent, at bottom). Abreviations: (S) Sagital suture. (C) Coronal suture. (M) Metopic suture. (F) Fontanelle (soft spot where sutures have not closed), delimitated by dotted line. Falk et al. (2012).

Baby apes (including humans) are born with the Metopic Suture open, which facilitates passage through the birth canal. In Chimpanzees and Bonobos (our closest relatives) it usually closes within a year of birth, but in humans it remains open for several years, facilitating enhanced brain growth. This state had already been observed in earlier members of the genus Homo, but its discovery in Australopithecus africanus, suggests that it has been around for several million years, originating within, or possibly with, the genus Australopithecus, which showed considerable cranial enhancement on earlier hominids.

CT Scan of the skull of a Modern Human infant. Falk et al. (2012). Supplemental material.

CT Scan of an infant Chimpanzee Skull. Falk et al. (2012). Supplemental material.

See also The earliest evidence of fire use from million year old sediments in Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape Province? Trying to find Peking Man, The canine teeth of Australopithecus anamensis, Pleistocene rock carving from Brazil; possibly the oldest art in the Americas and 20 000 year old stone huts from Kharaneh in Eastern Jordan.

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