A new species of Soldierless Termite from the Caribbean, Central and South America.

Termites (Isoptera) are an ancient group of social insects related to Cockroaches; in fact many entomologists (scientists that study insects) now regard them as a specialized group of social Cockroaches rather than a separate group. Termites consume woody, cellulose-rich plant material that most other Insects (or animals of any sort) cannot digest, and have a unique stomach fauna that helps them do so, comprising either Eukaryotic Flagellates (most Termites) or a variety of Prokaryotic organisms (members of the Family Termitidae). Termites are eusocial Insects with a caste system comprising sexual adults that breed and workers that forage for food and feed the young and sexual adults, as well as building and maintaining their nests. Many Termite species also produce a soldier cast, which defend foraging workers and the nest against invaders and predators (particularly Ants) but which cannot forage or feed for themselves and have to be looked after by the workers.

In a paper published in the journal Zootaxa on 17 May 2013, Rudolf Scheffrahn of the Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center of the Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences at the University of Florida, describes a new species of Termite from a number of locations in Central and South America and the Caribbean.

The new species is named Compositermes vindai, where 'Compositermes' means an aggregation, something made up of parts, a reference to the structure of the gut, and 'vindai' honours Boudanath (Vinda) Maharajh, an entomologist from Trinidad and Tobago who worked with the Fort Lauderdale team on surveys in various countries and who died in 2009. It is placed in the Subfamily Apicotermitinae, members of the Ternitidae that lack a soldier cast and which are known from South America and Africa. Compositermes vindai was found living in small colonies under rocks or in larger colonies of Termites belonging to the genus Cornitermes, a mound-building species which does have a soldier caste.

Compositermes vindai workersand nymph in gallery of Cornitermes sp. mound. Scheffrahn (2013).

The sexual adult, or imago, of Compositermes vindai is unknown; most Termite species have their description based upon the imago, however Compositermes vindai has been collected by scientists from the University of Florida from sites in French Guiana, Panama, Paraguay, Tobago and Trinidad over the period 1996 to 2010, and given the large number of specimens Scheffren suggests it is appropriate to formally describe the species from the worker.

Collection localities of Compositermes vindai (red dots) and University of Florida collection localities (small black dots). Scheffrahn (2013).

See also A new species of Stick Insect from southern Spain, New species of Mantis from Brazil and A fossil termite from the Late Oligocene of northern Ethiopia.

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A Stingless Bee from Colombian copal.

he film Jurassic Park is based upon the idea that it might be possible to recover the DNA of Dinosaurs from inside Mosquitoes preserved in amber (fossilized tree resin). However attempts to recover biological material from amber have generally ended in failure, leaving most palaeobiologists to conclude that this is in fact impossible, and that organisms are effectively preserved in amber only as images. 

In 1997 Dany Azar of the Faculty of Science at the Lebanese University reported being able to recover intact biological material from Cretaceous Lebanese amber, by dissolving the amber in chloroform, in a paper in the journal Palaeontology. This was followed by the publication in 1999 by the description of an Enicocephalid Bug recovered from Lebanese amber by a team led by Azar, the description of a number of Arthropods recovered from Eocene amber from Cambay in India by a team of scientists led by Nina Mazur of the Steinmann Institute of Geology, Mineralogy and Palaeontology at the University of Bonn in a paper published in the journal Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, and the description of two new species of Booklice from Quaternary Colombian copal (sub-fossil tree resin) in a paper in the journal Denisia, by again by a team led by Dany Azar.

In a paper published in the journal Paleontological Contributions on 9 May 2013, a team of scientists led by David Penney of the Faculty of Life Sciences at the University of Manchester describe the results of an attempt to replicate Azar's method using Miocene Dominican amber, Eocene Baltic amber and Colombian copal. Penney et al. were not able to recover any material from the Dominican or Baltic amber; the samples were completely destroyed by the process. However they were able to recover a Stingless Bee from the (less polymerized) copal.

The Stingless Bee does not belong to any previously described species. Another, apparently identical, Bee in a similar piece of Copal was dated to around 10 600 years old, although it is quite possible that the species is still extant and simply has not been discovered (several new species of Insect from South and Central America are described more-or-less every day). Altogether four specimens of this Bee were found in Colombian copal, only one of which was dissolved out.

A specimen of the new Stingless Bee, Trigonisca ameliae. The scale bar is 1 mm. Penney et al. (2013).

The new Bee species is placed in the genus Trigonisca and given the specific name ameliae in honour of David Penney's Daughter, Amelia Jan Penney. It is a dark, reddish brown Bee, approximately 2.7 mm in length.

Stingless Bees (Meliponini) are social Insects, forming colonies in a similar way to the familiar Honey Bees (Alpini); though they are not closely related and evolved the life-strategy separately. The Stingless Bees are a much larger group, comprising at least 60 genera (compared to a single genus, Apis, with 11 species of Honey Bee), though they are less familiar due to their small size and lack of either an unpleasant sting (they are not actually stingless, but their stings are too small to penetrate human skin). Stinless Bees do produce honey, though not in such large amounts as Honey Bees (again, largely because they are smaller), and there is growing interest in the commercial production of Stingless Bee honey in several parts of the world, where local Bee species are considered to be better for the local environment than imported European Honey Bees. Some species are kept as pets in Central and South America. Most species of Stingless Bee live in the tropics or subtropics, in warm woodland environments.

Stingless Bees have a fossil record going back most of the Cenozoic, including numerous specimens from Miocene Dominican amber, though they are absent from the modern Greater Antilles. It is thought that they went locally extinct during the Plio-Pleistocene cooling event, and have been unable to recolonize the islands.

Second specimen of the Stingless Bee, Trigonisca ameliae. Penney et al. (2013).

A new species of Oil Bee from northeast Brazil, A new species of Solitary Bee from Peru and New species of Leafcutter Bee from Saudi Arabia.

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