Outbreak of Diptheria in Guinea.

On 5 September 2023, the Ministry of Health of Guinea notified the World Health Organization of a Diphtheria outbreak in the country. From 4 July to 13 October 2023, a total of 538 cases of Diphtheria, were reported in the Kankan Region, in the east-central part of Guinea, according to a press release issued by the World Health Organization on 18 October 2023. Of the total cases reported, 520 are suspected and 18 confirmed with 58 deaths including 13 among confirmed cases (a case fatality rate among all cases of 11%). The 1-4 years age group accounted for the largest proportion of reported cases. Diphtheria is a highly contagious vaccine-preventable disease caused mainly by the Bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae which can be fatal in 5-10% of cases, with a higher mortality rate in young children. However, in settings with poor access to Diphtheria antitoxin, the case fatality rate can be as high as 40%. Diphtheria remains a significant health problem in countries with poor routine vaccination coverage. According to World Health Organization/UNICEF estimates of national immunization coverage, the immunization coverage with the Diphtheria Tetanus toxoid and pertussis containing vaccine was reported to be 47% for 2022 in Guinea and has remained below 50% since 2014. This is insufficient for achieving the coverage of 80–85% required to maintain community protection. The World Health Organization assesses the risk of Diphtheria to be high in Guinea, considering the chronically low vaccination coverage.

On 4 July 2023, two children aged 2 and 4 years, attended the otolaryngology department of the Siguiri Prefectural Hospital in the Kankan Region of Guinea, for similar symptoms (dyspnea, dysphasia, fever, cough). They were hospitalized for tonsillitis and respiratory infection and received antibiotic treatment before being referred to the Kankan Regional Hospital for additional care.

Since 4 July and as of 13 October 2023, 538 cases have been reported, including 18 confirmed cases. In total, 58 deaths including 13 among confirmed cases were registered, and 461 contacts are being followed up. Of the cases reported, 62% are female. The 1-4 years age group, with 445 cases, accounted for the largest proportion of reported cases, 82%, followed by the 5-9 years age group, with 5% and 5% for the 10 years and above age group. Children under the age of 12 months make up 7% of reported cases. None of the 538 cases were vaccinated.

Kankan Region is divided into five prefectures and only the Kérouané Prefecture has not reported any cases to date. The prefecture of Siguiri is the most affected, with 510 cases (95%). Of the 363 patients admitted to the treatment centres in Siguiri, 37 (10%) have died. Other prefectures reporting cases are Mandiana (13 cases), Kankan (13 cases) and Kouroussa (two cases).  Of the 15 patients admitted in the treatment centre in Kankan, 12 (80%) have died.

The treatment centres in the country do not have the capacity in terms of Human resources and material for adequate case management. Suspected and confirmed cases were treated with Amoxicillin and Azithromycin as first line therapy. Antibiotic prophylaxis (Amoxicillin, Azithromycin) was administered to the direct contacts.

Distribution of Diphtheria cases in Kankan region, Guinea, as of 13 October 2023. World Health Organization.

Diphtheria is a highly contagious vaccine-preventable disease caused mainly by Corynebacterium diphtheria but also by Corynebacterium ulcerans. It spreads between people mainly by direct contact or through the air via respiratory droplets. The disease can affect all age groups; however, unimmunized children are most at risk.

Symptoms often come on gradually, beginning with a sore throat and fever. In severe cases, the Bacteria produce a poison (toxin) that causes a thick grey or white patch at the back of throat. This can block the airways, making it hard to breathe or swallow, and also creates a barking cough. The neck may swell in part due to enlarged lymph nodes.

Treatment involves administering Diphtheria antitoxin as well as antibiotics. Vaccination against Diphtheria has been effective in reducing the mortality and morbidity from Diphtheria dramatically. Diphtheria is fatal in 5-10% of cases, with a higher mortality rate in young children. However, in settings with poor access to Diphtheria antitoxin, the case fatality rate can be as high as 40%.

Guinea has strengthened epidemiological surveillance for early detection and case management. Daily coordination and monitoring meetings on the response activities are underway at the Regional level, led by the regional health inspector and with the support of the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières-Belgium and other partners in the region. Notification of all suspected cases of Diphtheria, investigation initiation, and monitoring of contacts as soon as possible has been enhanced. Contact tracing, identification of an isolation zone at the Balato Health Post in the prefecture of Kouroussa and briefing of the healthcare workers on the case definition and prevention measures are ongoing. Case management activities such as antibiotic therapy (Amoxicillin, Azithromycin), treatment of suspected cases, antibiotic prophylaxis (Amoxicillin, Azithromycin) for the direct contacts and free case management at treatment centres with support from Médecins Sans Frontières are being provided. Risk communication and community engagement efforts, such as raising awareness of cases in the community and identifying and briefing a communicator to raise awareness among parents of patients is ongoing.

Suspected Diphtheria cases by epidemiological week in Guinea, as of 13 October 2023. World Health Organization.

The Diphtheria antitoxin supply is currently very constrained and insufficient to respond to current demands, as there is only a limited number of manufacturers and large outbreaks are being reported in different regions of the world.

The risk of Diphtheria in Guinea is considered high due to the low vaccination coverage in the affected region (36% according to the survey coverage in households, 2023) and 47% national vaccination coverage between 2014-2022 (per World Health Organization/UNICEF estimates), and the risk at the regional level is moderate and low at the global level. The outbreak is also characterized by high case fatality among confirmed cases. Other factors include: the over population of the Siguiri Health District, which is the epicentre of this outbreak, the weakened healthcare system and several concurrent epidemics in the area.

Overpopulation of the Siguiri Health Prefecture, the epicenter of this epidemic, as well as the insufficient and poorly qualified health personnel, and the limited material resources of the health system weakens the response to this outbreak. In addition, the country is facing several concurrent epidemics in the area, such as Pertussis, Poliomyelitis, and Rabies. Adding this to a context of extreme vulnerability due to mining activities, which induce significant population movement, reduce air quality, and increase the risk of natural disasters such as floods and landslides, impacting people’s health.

This emphasizes the urgent need to strengthen Diphtheria vaccination coverage nationwide, especially in the epicentre and strengthen case management at hospital facilities dealing with Diphtheria cases.

The control of Diphtheria is based on primary disease prevention by ensuring high population immunity through vaccination and secondary prevention of spread by the rapid investigation of close contacts to ensure prompt treatment of those infected.

The World Health Organization advises that epidemiological surveillance ensuring early detection of Diphtheria outbreaks should be in place in all countries, and all countries should have access to laboratory facilities for reliable identification of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Adequate quantities of Diphtheria antitoxin should be available nationally or regionally for the medical management of cases.

Vaccination is vital to preventing cases and outbreaks, and adequate clinical management involves administering Diphtheria anti-toxin to neutralize the toxin and antibiotics reducing complications and mortality.

The World Health Organization recommends early reporting and case management of suspected Diphtheria cases to initiate the timely treatment of cases and follow-up of contacts and ensure the supply of Diphtheria antitoxin.

Although travellers do not have a particular risk of Diphtheria infection, it is recommended that national authorities remind travellers going to areas with Diphtheria outbreaks to be appropriately vaccinated in accordance with the national vaccination scheme established in each country before travel. A booster dose is recommended if more than five years have passed since their last dose.

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Landslide kills at leat three at Guinea gold mine.

At least three people have died, ad several more may be missing, following a landslide at a gold mine at Bouré Boukaria in the Kankan Region in the east of Guinea, West Africa, on Thursday 20 July 2017. The bodies of two women and a man were recovered after the incident, with three other people being treated for serious injuries. The incident happened following a week of heavy rains associated with the West African rainy season. Landslides are a common problem after severe weather, as excess pore water pressure can overcome cohesion in soil and sediments, allowing them to flow like liquids. Approximately 90% of all landslides are caused by heavy rainfall.

 

 The approximate location of the 20 July 2017 Bouré Boukaria landslide. Google Maps.

The incident is understood to have happened within an area granted to a multinational mining company by the Guinean government, though the victims were reportedly local artisanal miners that had entered the site illegally rather than employees of the company. Guinea is one of Africa's poorest nations, and like may other countries has granted concessions to mining companies in areas where small-scale artisanal mining has traditionally helped to supplement the incomes of subsistence farmers. However little of the money from such projects tends to reach local communities, which often leads to ill feeling and attempts to continue mining clandestinely, often at night or under other unfavourable conditions, which can put the miners at greater risk.

West Africa has a distinct two season climatic cycle, with a cool dry season during the northern winter when prevalent winds blow from the Sahara to the northeast, and a warm rainy season during the northern summer when prevalent winds blow from the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. These warm winds from the Atlantic are laden with moisture, which can be lost rapidly when the air encounters cooler conditions, such as when it is pushed up to higher altitudes by the mountains of the Futa Jallon in Guinea.

Rainfall and prevalent winds during the West African dry and rainy seasons. Encyclopedia Britanica.

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