Forty two species recommended for addition to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals.

Parties to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals have recommended that 42 additional species be included on Appendix I and/or II of the convention, ahead of the next UN Conference to Advance Global Conservation of Migratory Wildlife and Their Habitats, to be held in Campo Grande, Brazil, on 23-29 March 2026, according to a press release issued on 18 December 2025.

In order to be listed as under Appendix I of the convention, a species must be migratory, or wide ranging, and officially determined to be endangered. To be listed under Appendix II, it must be established that international cooperation is needed to protect that species. Countries which are parties to the convention are obliged to prioritise protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them.

Two species of terrestrial Mammal are proposed for inclusion. The Striped Hyena, Hyaena hyaena, a wide ranging species found across much of Africa and Asia. This species now has a global population of less than 10 000 mature individuals, and its habitat is highly fragmented, and shrinking in many places, due to agriculture, urbanisation and infrastructure development, as well as declines in many large carnivore species, which reduce the availability of the carrion which forms an important part of the species diet, and conflicts with Humans driven by shifting livestock farming practices, hunting, and the illegal wildlife trade. 

The current global distribution of the Striped Hyena, Hyaena hyaena. ICUN Red List of Threatened Species.

Also proposed is the addition of Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus, populations in Zimbabwe to Appendix I of the convention; Cheetahs were also found across much of Africa and Asia, and is threatened by habitat fragmentation and loss, as well as hunting and capture for the illegal wildlife trade. The species is currently protected under the convention across its range, with the exception of Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe, where it had been thought to be faring better. However, the Zimbabwean population has undergone a 90% decrease in population in 15 years, and the Government of Zimbabwe has proposed that its Cheetah population be added to the convention.

A Cheetah imaged by a camera-trap set by the Painted Dog Research Trust in Zimbabwe. Sibanda (2023).

A single species of aquatic Mammal, the Giant Otter, Pteronura brasiliensis, has also been proposed for inclusion on the list. This species is found in lowland wetlands and coastal regions of much of South America, but is threatened by habitat loss across much of its range, and is believed to have suffered a 50% population loss in the 25 years to 2014, with predictions suggesting that it will continue to decline at the same rate. 

A Giant Otter, Pteronura brasiliensis, foragingin the Piquiri River in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Bernard Dupont/Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species.

Thirty two new species of Birds have been proposed for inclusion on Appendixes I and/or II of the Convention. The most notable of these is the  Snowy Owl, Bubo scandiacus, a charismatic species commonly represented in popular culture, which is estimated to have lost a third of its population in the last three decades, and which has was declared regionally extinct in Sweden by BirdLife International this year.

A Snowy Owl, Bubo scandiacus, in flight. Bert de Tilly/Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species.

The other Bird species proposed are the Flesh-footed Shearwater, Ardenna carneipes, the Hudsonian Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus hudsonicus, the Hudsonian Godwit, Limosa haemastica, the Lesser Yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes, the Iberá Seedeater, Sporophila iberaensis, and all 25 species of Gadfly Petrels, Pterodroma spp. and Pseudobulweria spp.

A Lesser Yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species.

Eight species of Shark and Fish are also proposed for inclusion on Appendixes I and/or II of the Convention. These are the Pelagic Thresher Shark, Alopias pelagicus, the Bigeye Thresher Shark, Alopias superciliosus, the Common Thresher Shark, Alopias vulpinus, the Patagonian Narrownose Smoothhound, Mustelus schmitti, the Scalloped Hammerhead Shark, Sphyrna lewini, the Great Hammerhead Shark, Sphyrna mokarran, the Angular Angelshark, Squatina guggenheim, and the Spotted Sorubim, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, a migratory Catfish from the rivers of tropical South America, threatened by overfishing and habitat fragmentation.

Two Thresher Sharks over a Coral reef off the island of Malapascua in the Philippines. Dani Escayola/Ocean Image Bank/Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species.

The Great Hammerhead Shark is typical of the Shark species proposed for protection under the Convention. It is found in coastal tropical and subtropical water around the world, but has been heavily overfished for the value of its meat, and in particular its fins, and even when not actively targeted by fishermen, is a common bycatch from other fisheries. As a top predator, its disappearance can trigger a cascade of ecological effects, profoundly altering the ecosystems where it is lost.

One taxon has also been proposed for removal from Appendix I of the convention, the Bukhara Deer, Cervus elaphus yarkandensis, a subspecies of Red Deer, which was reduced to about 400 species in 1999, but which has since undergone a significant recovery due to conservation efforts, and is no longer considered to be threatened.

A group of Bukhara Deer. Natalya Marmazinskaya/Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species.

See also...

Asio otus: A Long-eared Owl spotted in Abu Dhabi for the first time in over two decades.

Nine species of Owls have been recorded in the United Arab Emirates, although only six of these are considered to by indigenous. Long-eared Owls, Asio otus, are a migratory species found across temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. In the Middle East they have been recorded to breed in northernmost Syria, Israel, Lebanon, and the northwestern part of Iran. They are also occasional visitors to other parts of the region, including the United Arab Emirates, where they are considered to be vagrant and extremely rare. Between 1971 and 2013, there were sixteen recorded sightings of Long-eared Owls in the United Arab Emirates, although the species has not been recorded since.

In a paper published in the Journal of Threatened Taxa on 26 May 2025, Shakeel Ahmed and Sálim Javed of the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi, report the sighting of a Long-eared Owl in the Al Wathba Wetland Reserve in Abu Dhabi on 1 January 2022.

The 1 January 2022 sighting is the first recording of a Long-eared Owl in Abu Dhabi since October 1999, when another Owl was spotted in the Al Wathba Wetland Reserve. The Owl was spotted at about 6.30 am on the northern part of the reserve. The previous day the area had been hit by a storm, with high winds and heavy rain lasting all day.

An  adult  Long-eared Owl, Asio otus, roosting on a tree in Al Wathba Wetland Reserve. Muhammad Maqsood in Ahmed & Javed (2025).

Long-eared Owls are classified as being of Least Concern under the terms of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened species. Nevertheless, the global population of the species is known to be declining, which, among other things, means that sightings on the fringes of the species range are becoming rarer.

See also...

Tyto alba: A Barn Owl from the Dinaledi Chamber, Maropeng Cradle of Humankind.

The Dinaledi Chamber in the Rising Star Cave forms part of the Maropeng Cradle of Humankind complex of caves in Gauteng State, to the northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa. Like many other caves in the system it was visited from time-to-time by cavers for several decades, but was not formally investigated by scientists until September 2013, when the skeletons of a previously unknown Hominin species were discovered there, and named Homo naledi. A number of Bird bones were discovered at the same time as the Hominin remains, but have not previously been formally identified or described.

In a paper published in the South African Journal of Science on 27 November 2018, Ashley Kruger and Shaw Badenhorst of the Evolutionary Studies Institute at the University of the Witwatersrand describe the Bird remains found inside the Dinaledi Chamber in 2013 as the remains of a Barn Owl, Tyto alba.

Barn Owls are one of the most widely distributed Birds on Earth, being found in almost all terrestrial environments, with the exception of Antarctica, the central Sahara, and some remote islands. They nest in enclosed spaces, including hollow trees, Human-built structures (such as barns) and caves, a habitat they are particularly known to favour in parts of South Africa where caves are often the best cover available in wide areas of open grassland.

The Dinaledi Chamber material comprises a largely complete tarsometatarsus, the mid-distal shaft and part of the distal condyle of a left tibiotarsus, the distal, mid and proximal shaft of a right radius, and proximal, mid and distal shaft, plus a small portion of the distal articulation of a right ulna. These were found on a raised platform within the Dinaledi Chamber, alongside some other bone material, though as the Owl bone fragments show no signs of re-mineralisation, they are assumed to be much younger than those of the Homo naledi specimens found within the cave, and their placement is therefore assumed to be due to the activities of modern cavers.

(a) Specimen U.W. 101 40C, a left tibiotarsus fragment of Tyto alba, with the mid-distal shaft present, and part of the distal condyle; (b) specimen U.W. 101 40B, a right radius fragment of Tyto alba, consisting of the distal, mid and proximal shaft, with the distal styloid process absent; (c) specimens U.W. 101 965 and 822, a right ulna fragment of Tyto alba, consisting of the proximal, mid and distal shaft, with a small portion of the distal articulation present. Kruger & Badenhorst (2018).

Kruger and Badenhorst suggest several ways in which the bones might have got into the Dinaledi Chamber. Firstly, they suggest the Owl might have flown into the cave system and got lost, eventually perishing in the chamber. Secondly, they suggest that the Owl might have fallen down a narrow shute close to the chamber, although this would not put the remains actually in the chamber (not a major problem, as the bones are presumed to have been moved onto the platform by Human activity). Thirdly, the bones might have been carried into the cave system from elsewhere by a modern caver, though why anybody should do this is unclear. Fourthly, it is possible that there was once a second entrance to the chamber, which has since been sealed, and that, therefore, both the Owl and the Hominins were actually entering a cave much closer to the surface, something which has been suggested by palaeontologist Francis Thackeray, though no evidence for such a second entrance has been found to date.

See also...

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The diet of breeding Grass Owls in Thailand.

Grass Owls are members of the Barn Owl family, Tytonidae, distinguished by their habit of roosting and nesting in tall grasses or other ground-cover plants, rather than trees. Until fairly recently all Grass Owls were thought to belong to a single species, but there are now two species recognised, the African Grass Owl, Tyto capensis, which is found across much of Africa, and the Eastern Grass Owl, Tyto longimembris, which is found in south China, Nepal, India, Myanmar, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea, New Caledonia and Australia. The Eastern Grass Owl was first discovered in Thailand as recently as 2006, where a small colony was found nesting in a small area of marsh grassland called Nong Lom in Mae Jan District in Chiang Rai Province in the north of the country. 

In a paper published in the Raffles Bulletin of Zoology on 17 February 2015, Akalak Kunsorn of the Department of Biology at Chiang Mai University and the Environmental Ornithology Research Unit at Mahidol University, Siriwadee Chomdej of the Department of Biology and the Materials Science Research Center at Chiang Mai University, Narit Sitasuwan, Prasit Wangpakapattawong and Chatmongkon Suwannapoom, also of the Department of Biology at Chiang Mai University and Brett Sandercock of the Division of Biology at Kansas State University, describe the results of a study of the diet of the Grass Owls of Nom Long carried out by examining Owl pellets from the site during the breeding season.

Eastern Grass Owl, Tyto longimembris, in flight. Rob Hutchinson/The Owl Pages.

Birds lack teeth with which to process food like mammals, instead grinding it up in a muscular gizzard before it is passed to the stomach. As flying animals they are obliged to keep their weight to a minimum, and therefore need to dispose of inedible parts of their prey as quickly as possible, and so both Owls and Raptors regurgitate pellets comprising indigestible items such as fur and bone without passing them through the stomach and gut.

As well as Grass Owls the Nom Long site is also home to four species of Harriers; the Eastern Marsh Harrier, Circus spilonotus, the Pied Harrier, Circus melanoleucos, the Hen Harrier, Circus cyaneus and the Western Marsh Harrier, Circus aeruginosus. Grass Owl pellets tend to be larger and more elongate than Harrier pellets, but to avoid confusion Kunsorn et al. collected pellets only from the nests of Owls.

Kunsorn et al. carried out DNA tests on bones recovered from Owl pellets at Nom Long, in order to determine identify animals being consumed by the Owls. They were able to identify three species of Rodent by this method, the Black Rat, Rattus rattus, the Asian House Mouse, Mus musculus, and the Ricefield Mouse, Mus caroli. In addition wings and tails of Barn Swallows, Hirundo rustica, were also found in the Owl nests, suggesting that these Birds were also being consumed.

Pellets of the Eastern Grass Owl, Tyto longimembris, collected from nests at Nom Long. Kunsorn et al. (2015).

The diet of Eastern Grass Owls has previously been studied in southern Taiwan, where they were found to be consuming Lesser Rice-field Rats, Rattus losea, Ricefield Mice, Mus caroli, Formosan Blind Moles, Mogera insularis, House Shrews, Suncus murimus, Shrews Crocidura spp. and juvenile Formosan Hares, Lepus sinensis, as well as small Birds. This is a far larger range of prey than consumed at the Thai site, which Kunsorn et al. attribute to the more varied hunting grounds available to the Taiwan Owls. Nom Long is largely surrounded by grasslands and wetlands, with some Orange orchard about a kilometre away to the northwest, while the Taiwan site was within easy reach of shrubland, Rice paddies, Bamboo forest, Sugarcane fields, Mango orchards and Human settlements.

See also…

Fossil Owls from the Early Pliocene of Langebaanweg, South Africa.

Owls (Stringiformes) first appear in the fossil record in the Palaeocene and become quite common in the fossil record in the Eocene and Oligocene of Eurasia and North America. The modern Owl families Strigidae and Tytonidae first appear in the fossil record in the...

Fossil Owls from the La Brea Tar Pits.

The La Brea Tar Pits are located in what is now central Los Angeles, California. They are essentially oil deposits identical to those worked by oil drills in other parts of the world, but exposed at the surface. When oil deposits are exposed in this way the lighter fractions (crude oil is made up of a mixture of different oils, known as 'fractions' due to the process used to separate...

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Fossil Owls from the Early Pliocene of Langebaanweg, South Africa.

Owls (Stringiformes) first appear in the fossil record in the Palaeocene and become quite common in the fossil record in the Eocene and Oligocene of Eurasia and North America. The modern Owl families Strigidae and Tytonidae first appear in the fossil record in the Miocene and Eocene respectively. Like all Birds, Owls have rather delicate, lightweight skeletons well suited to flying, but with rather poor preservational potential. However the leg bones of Owls are somewhat more robust, being used to strike an subdue prey, and most fossil Owls are known entirely from their legs. 

In a paper published in the journal Acta Palaeontologica Polonica on 13 June 2014 Marco Pavia of the Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra at the Università degli Studi di Torino, Albrecht Manegold of the Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum and the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, and Pippa Haarhoff of the West Coast Fossil Park, describe a series of Owl remains from the Early Pliocene Upper Varswater Formation at Langebaanweg in Western Cape, South Africa. The Langebaanweg deposits have produced over 90 species of Birds in 35 families, making them the most important pre-Pleistocene deposits for the study of Avian faunas in Africa and one of the most important in the world. They are also important in that they are a mixture of coastal and near-coastal river deposits, whereas most locations with rich Avian faunas are karsts (limestone cave systems), which tend to produce rather different assemblages.

The first fossils described are placed within the Barn Owl genus Tyto, and placed in a new species, richae, named in honour of Patricia Vickers-Rich, who carried out the first work on the Avian fauna of Langebaanweg in 1980, and who has made significant contributions to the study of fossil Birds in Africa. The new species is described from the distal end of a right tarsometatarsus (in anatomy the distal end of a bone is the end furthest from the head), a complete left coracoid, the distal end of a left ulna, the distal ends of two left tibiotarsi and the distal end of a right tibiotarsus.

Tyto richae from the Upper Varswater Formation at Langebaanweg, South Africa; Early Pliocene. (A) Left coracoid in dorsal (A1), lateral (A2), medial (A3), and ventral (A4) views. (B) Left ulna in dorsal (B1), caudal (B2), ventral (B3), and cranial (B4) views. (C) Left tibiotarsus in cranial (C1), lateral (C2), caudal (C3), medial (C4), and distal (C5) views. (D) Left tibiotarsus in cranial (D1), lateral (D2), caudal (D3), medial (D4), and distal (D5) views. (E) Right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (E1), lateral (E2), plantar (E3), medial (E4), proximal (E5), and distal (E6) views. Pavia et al. (2014).

Barn Owls first appear in the fossil record of Europe in the Middle Miocene, with most known fossil species from Europe, the Mediterranean and North Africa (including several species from Mediterranean islands with very restricted distributions). The modern Barn Owl, Tyto alba first appears in the fossil record in Morocco in the latest Pliocene or earliest Pleistocene, while the African Grass Owl, Tyto capensis, first appears in the latest Pleistocene in Tanzania. An as yet undescribed species of Tyto is also known from the Early Pliocene of Ethiopia, and two further undescribed species from the early Pleistocene of Kromdraai and Swartkrans in South Africa.

The second species described is placed in the Little Owl genus Athene and given the specific name inexpectata, meaning ‘unexpected’. To date the earliest known Little Owl is a specimen from Bulgaria from the Late Pliocene, which has not been assigned to a specific species (a claimed specimen from the Miocene of Hungary is not generally accepted); and the closest relatives in the fossil record are thought to be fossils from the Pliocene of Idaho, Kansas and Nebraska. The modern Little Owl, Athene noctua first appears in the Early Pleistocene in Italy, and several apparently endemic species are known from Mediterranean islands in the Pleistocene. As such Athene inexpecta is both the oldest member of the genus, and the first recorded specimen from Africa, raising questions about our understanding of the history of the genus. This is not entirely a surprise, as the Langebaanweg deposits have produced other fossils with apparent close affinities to Northern Hemisphere faunas, notably the Bear Agriotherium africanum and the Wolverine Plesiogulo monspessulanus. 

Athene inexpectata from the Upper Varswater Formation at Langebaanweg, South Africa; Early Pliocene , (A, C–F, H) and Athene noctua, Recent (B). (A) Left tibiotarsus in cranial (A1), lateral (A2), caudal (A3), medial (A4), and distal (A5) views. (C) Left scapula in medial (C1), cranial (C2) and lateral (C3) views. (D) Right in dorsal (D1), caudal (D2), ventral (D3) and cranial (D4) views. (E) Right tibiotarsus in cranial (E1), lateral (E2), caudal (E3), medial (E4), and proximal (E5) views. (F) Right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (F1), lateral (F2), plantar (F3), medial (F4), proximal (F5), and distal (F6) views. (H) Right humerus in cranial (H1), dorsal (H2) caudal (H3), ventral (H4), and distal (H5) views. (B) Reversed right tibiotarsus in cranial view (B1), left tarsometatarsus in dorsal view (B2). Pavia et al. (2014).

Athene noctua is described from two complete right tarsometatarsi, the cranial part of a sternum (the cranial part being the part closest to the cranium), the cranial end of a right scapula, the distal half of a right humerus, the distal half of a right ulna, an almost complete left tibiotarsus, lacking the distal end, the proximal end of a right tibiotarsus (the proximal end being closest to the body), the distal end of a right tibiotarsus, and the distal half of a left tarsometatarsus.

Thirdly the distal end of a left tibiotarsus is assigned to the genus Bubo (Eagle Owls), but not assigned to a specific species, the material being too fragmentary. The oldest members of this genus previously described have been Pleistocene in age, though this includes specimens from Laetoli and Olduvai in Tanzania.

Bubo sp., left tibiotarsus in cranial view, from the Upper Varswater Formation at Langebaanweg, South Africa; Early Pliocene. Pavia et al. (2014).

Fourthly the shaft of a left tibiotarsus and distal end of a right tibiotarsus assigned to the genus Asio (Long-eared Owls), but again not assigned to a specific genus. Asio first appears in the fossil record in the Early Miocene of Germany, and the genus appears to have become widespread by the Plio-Pleistocene, with several species recorded from Europe and North America, and as well as Laetoli in Africa.

Asio sp., right tibiotarsus in cranial (A1), lateral (A2), caudal (A3), medial (A4), and distal (A5) views, from the Upper Varswater Formation at Langebaanweg, South Africa; Early Pliocene. Pavia et al. (2014).

Finally the distal end of a left tibiotarsus is recorded and assigned to the Strigidae (the family which includes all modern Owls except Barn Owls), but not to any specific genus or species.

Unassigned left tibiotarsus in cranial view from the Upper Varswater Formation at Langebaanweg, South Africa; Early Pliocene. Pavia et al. (2014).

See also…

 The diet of the Langebaanweg Hyaenids.

Modern Hyenas are among the most highly specialized durophagous (adapted to eating tough food) Mammals ever to live, with powerfully constructed teeth and jaws...

 Fossil Owls from the La Brea Tar Pits.

The La Brea Tar Pits are located in what is now central Los Angeles, California. They are essentially oil deposits identical to those worked by oil drills in other parts of the world, but exposed at the surface. When oil deposits are exposed in this way the lighter fractions (crude oil is made up of a mixture of different oils, known as 'fractions' due to the process used to separate them, fractional distillation) such as petroleum evaporate off, leaving the heavier fractions, known as tar, or...

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Fossil Owls from the La Brea Tar Pits.

The La Brea Tar Pits are located in what is now central Los Angeles, California. They are essentially oil deposits identical to those worked by oil drills in other parts of the world, but exposed at the surface. When oil deposits are exposed in this way the lighter fractions (crude oil is made up of a mixture of different oils, known as 'fractions' due to the process used to separate them, fractional distillation) such as petroleum evaporate off, leaving the heavier fractions, known as tar, or asphalt, behind. These form oily pools in which animals can become trapped. The La Brea Tar Pits appear to have been exposed at least intermittently at the surface for around 40 000 years, during which time a great number of animals have fallen into them.

Owls are not well represented in the La Brea Tar Pit deposits for a number of reasons, though they are some of the most abundant predators in the sort of open woodland terrain in which the deposits formed. Firstly, like all birds, owls have lightweight, fragile skeletons, ideal for flight, but giving them poor preservational potential. Secondly there is collection bias; the deposits have been heavily excavated for fossils since their discovery in 1875, however for much of that time collectors concentrated on big, prestigious, fossils such as mammoths and saber-toothed cats; many small fossils were simply discarded and lost. Finally there is the behavior of owls themselves. Predators are well represented in the Tar Pits deposits, it is thought because many became trapped while scavenging on the bodies of other trapped animals. Owls, however do not forage for carrion, they hunt living prey, mostly insects and small mammals. Such animals, if court in tar, will expire rapidly, and owls will ignore non-moving prey items. In addition owls live primarily in trees and spend little time on the ground, making them less likely to become trapped in tar pits.

Despite all this a number of owls have been described from the La Brea Tar Pit deposits. Prior to now these have been divided into nine species, eight still extant and one unique to the Tar Pits. In a review of the known owl fossils from the La Brea deposits, Kenneth Campbell of Vertebrate Paleontology at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, and Zbigniew Bocheński of the Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals at the Polish Academy of Sciences, to be published in a forthcoming paper in the journal Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, conclude that two previously undescribed species of miniature owls have are present in the collections, and formerly describe those species.

Both the new species are described from their leg bones; not unusual with bird fossils, since the leg bones are generally those that survive as fossils best, which makes it easy to see why the fossils were overlooked by non-owl specialists.

The first new owl was assigned to the genus Glaucidium (pygmy owls) and named as Glaucidium kurochkini; Kurochkin's Pygmy Owl, in honor of the late Russian palaeornothologist Evgeny Kurochkin. Campbell and Bocheńska calculate the living owl would have weighed about 71.4 g, and assign 12 specimens to the new species.

Tarsometatarsals from (A) Glaucidium kurochkini and (B) the extant Glaucidium californicum. From Campbell and Bocheńska (2012).

The second owl was placed in the new genus Asphaltoglaux (Asphalt Owls, in reference to the Tar Pits) and named Asphaltoglaux cecileae, or Cécile's Asphalt Owl, in honor of the French palaeornithologist Cécile Mourer-Chauviré, of the Université Claude Bernard in Lyon. Campbell and Bocheńska estimate Asphaltoglaux cecileae would have been a robust bird, weighing about 78.2 g.

Tarsometatarsals from (A) Asphaltoglaux cecileae and (B) the extant Aegolius acadicus. From Campbell and Bocheńska (2012).

See also The Penguins of Africa, Was Archaeopteryx black? A new fossil bird from the Palaeocene of Brazil, How did raptors use their claws? (and did it help them learn to fly?) and Birds on Sciency Thoughts YouTube.